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                Royal Bank of Canada (RY $207.22)
    
        
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                Bank of Nova Scotia (The) (BNS $92.36)
    
        
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                Bank of Montreal (BMO $175.49)
    
        
 
            Q: Would you throw some light on “ provision for credit losses “ ( PCL ) that the banks use in their financial statements. It seems to have a significant impact on earnings. How is it determined ? Analysts take it as a poor contributor to earnings. If a bank lowers its PCL how does this actually increase its profitability ? Is there a formula to determine its PCL and how trustworthy is this ? Seems to me that a bank could alter the PCL number to better their numbers. Thanks. Derek.